Attention to the implications of rural outmigration is growing, but little evidence exists on its association with women in agriculture. Migration affects women’s work and empowerment mainly through the loss of migrants’ labor and through the flow of remittances. The fact that migration may alter women’s intrahousehold decision-making processes has received limited coverage and attention. It is also important to distinguish between the various aspects of empowerment. The complex issue of rural outmigration also has implications for household food security. To address these existing knowledge gaps in a framework that combines gender, migration, and food security, this study exploits a rich, comprehensive survey that collected detailed information on all types of outmigration from rural areas in Nepal and Senegal. The objective of this study is to examine the linkages between migration and women’s work and empowerment in agriculture in Nepal and Senegal. In particular, this analysis seeks to understand: (i) how outmigration influences women’s work in agriculture; (ii) the consequences of male-dominated migration on gender roles and women’s empowerment; and (iii) whether and how outmigration impacts household food security. The study finds that male outmigration from rural, primarily agricultural areas is not linked to a decrease in women’s employment, but it is associated with significant changes in women’s roles in agriculture. The study reveals that male-dominated outmigration may not always be associated with women’s empowerment. The consequences of migration on household food security are country-specific and mediated by the receipt of remittances.